South African Law Commission Report on Criminalisation of HIV Transmission

Premier Helen Zille is once more raising the spectre of criminalising HIV transmission. This is an old debate. In 2001, the South African Law Reform Commission considered the matter and concluded that current legislation is sufficient to deal with intentional transmission of HIV. The report was submitted to the Minister of Justice in terms of the  South African Law Commission  Act, 1973 (Act 19 of 1973). The committee received a range of expert submissions. It was chaired by Justice Edwin Cameron.

SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION

Project 85 

FIFTH INTERIM REPORT ON  ASPECTS OF THE LAW RELATING TO AIDS

• Codification of common law crimes

  Deliberate conduct in the form of deliberate transmission of or exposure to HIV would already be liable to prosecution under the existing common law crimes of murder, assault, assault with the intent to do grievous bodily harm, rape or indecent assault.  Negligent conduct would be liable to prosecution under existing law if HIV is transmitted and the victim died as a result of this.  It may however be that HIV-related behaviour is difficult to prosecute successfully under these crimes.  This would be due mainly to the specific characteristics of HIV as a disease:  Its long incubation period and its invisibility may present problems with regard to proof of causation and fault.  Aspects regarding consent could further encumber prosecutions.  Some believe that it may be necessary to codify the common law to eliminate these difficulties or some of them.  This approach would not entail  creating any additional, new offence, but would put into statutory form what is already illegal.  Such codified HIV-specific offences would then be a clear confirmation of the existing common law position.  Codification might also provide an opportunity for the creation of presumptions to deal with current perceived difficulties in the application of the common law.
   

• Criminalising behaviour not hitherto criminal 

  The second option stems from the fact that our common law  contains three distinct omissions:  There are no crimes of negligent injury;  of deliberately exposing another to danger short of assault;  or of negligent endangerment (exposure).  In this regard the following possibilities arose:

  • The creation of HIV-specific measures requiring the disclosure of their HIV status by all persons with HIV before engaging in certain sexual activities.  Whether disclosure would always be required – even if preventive measures (eg a condom) were used – is a controversial point.
     
  • The creation of an HIV-specific offence/s targeting negligent transmission of HIV; or negligent transmission of and negligent exposure to HIV.  This could be limited to cases where the perpetrator had actual knowledge of
    his or her HIV infection.
     
  • Maintaining the present position

    Maintaining the present position would mean that persons with HIV who transmit HIV to others or expose others to HIV may under certain circumstances be prosecuted under the existing common law crimes.

• Respect for the human rights and interests of all concerned. 
   
• The primary objective of the creation of an HIV-specific statutory offence/s should be HIV prevention and the protection of the uninfected.  
   
• Legislative intervention should be rationally and scientifically based and not emotionally motivated.

• Lack of evidence that offences are occurring in regard to which statutory intervention along  the lines envisaged is necessary
   
• There is no scientific, empirical or even informal evidence that the behaviour to be targeted is occurring to such an extent that the creation of an HIV-specific statutory offence/s is necessary.  This may indicate that in practice there is no need for additional punitive measures, and that a change to the law would therefore probably be based (without denying that real instances of dangerous conduct occur) on general fears, anxieties and “urban legends” about alleged wilful or negligent behaviour by persons with HIV.
   
• An HIV-specific  statutory offence/s  will have no or little practical utility
  The Commission believes this to be the case in view of the following:
  • An array of common law crimes exists which could be utilised against harmful HIV-related behaviour.
     
  • It is doubted whether the creation of an HIV-specific statutory offence/s could minimise the difficulties associated with the application of the common law crimes.  Such an offence will indeed bring its own problems – not the least of which will relate to the burden of proof and constitutional issues.   The common law crimes would first have to be more extensively applied in practice and shown to be inadequate before a need for a statutory offence/s can be determined.
     
  • A statutory offence/s could add to the problems an overburdened criminal justice system is currently experiencing.
     
  • There are few or no prosecutions under existing criminal measures.  Will complainants come forward to utilise an HIV-specific statutory offence? This seems doubtful.  The enactment of such offence/s might thus be largely of symbolic value.
     
  • The codification of existing common law crimes may, in addition, have the effect of promoting “exceptionalism” in dealing with HIV and AIDS.
     
• The social costs entailed in creating an HIV-specific statutory offence/s are not justified

  The decision to criminalise implies a cost to society and the individual involved. The benefits and social gains to be obtained from the successful prevention or reduction of the conduct in question have to be commensurate with this cost. Otherwise a decision to criminalise cannot be constitutionally justified.  The Commission is of the opinion that the social costs inherent in the creation of an HIV-specific offence are not justified:

  • This would be the case especially as regards the creation of a new additional offence targeting  negligent behaviour.  Negligence in the HIV/AIDS context would  involve an individual who is not aware that he or she has HIV and in this state of ignorance unknowingly transmits HIV or exposes another to HIV.  The Commission is convinced that where the majority of persons in South Africa with HIV are unaware of their HIV status and where there are insufficient resources for the widespread HIV testing that would be required to enable a change of behaviour, it is not just and right that persons who are ignorant of their health status (but ought perhaps ideally to know that they are infected), should be punished. In effect such individuals would be punished for their failure to know their HIV status – which may lie outside their control.
     
  • Additional important factors related to the social costs of creating an HIV specific statutory offence include the following:  It is generally believed that such offence/s would be counter productive to public health efforts to curb the spread of the disease;  would entrench further discrimination and stigmatisation of persons with HIV;  and would drain away scarce resources from the most effective HIV prevention programmes such as targeted education campaigns, condom distribution initiatives, and the provision of voluntary, accessible testing, counselling and medical treatment.
     
  • An HIV-specific statutory offence/s will infringe the right to privacy to an extent that is not justified

    The transmission of or exposure to HIV in the context of  consensual sexual relationships involves the most intimate aspects of human interaction.  The enforcement of an HIV-specific offence will call for inquiry into the medical histories and sexual affairs of both the accused and his or her sexual partner/s. The Commission is of the opinion that such infringement of privacy is not justified in circumstances where the creation of an HIV-specific offence is not based on evidence establishing a need for such offence/s;  where such offence/s may serve no purpose additional to the existing common law offences;  and would have no impact on diminishing or preventing the spread of HIV. 

• Making the public aware of applicable common law crimes coupled with the assurance that our existing law will indeed be used in respect of harmful HIVrelated behaviour.

• Introducing practical measures to establish a standard of policing, investigation and prosecution that would ensure successful prosecutions of harmful HIVrelated behaviour under the existing law.

• Maintaining and improving public health measures relating to awareness about HIV and its prevention, and public access to HIV testing and counselling.  Such activities should be aimed at encouraging a culture of responsibility.